{"id":179,"date":"2019-06-06T04:17:13","date_gmt":"2019-06-06T04:17:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/populareducation.in\/loksamvad\/?post_type=article&#038;p=179"},"modified":"2019-06-06T04:17:13","modified_gmt":"2019-06-06T04:17:13","slug":"misinformation-is-endangering-indias-election","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"http:\/\/populareducation.in\/loksamvad\/article\/misinformation-is-endangering-indias-election\/","title":{"rendered":"Misinformation Is Endangering India\u2019s Election"},"content":{"rendered":"<strong>The country\u2019s political parties are spreading propaganda about their opponents to gain votes. It\u2019s working.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIn the days following a suicide bombing against Indian security forces in Kashmir this year, a message began circulating in WhatsApp groups across the country. It claimed that a leader of the Congress Party, the national opposition, had promised a large sum of money to the attacker\u2019s family, and to free other \u201cterrorists\u201d and \u201cstone pelters\u201d from prison, if the state voted for Congress in upcoming parliamentary elections.\r\n\r\nThe message was posted to dozens of WhatsApp groups that appeared to promote Prime Minister Narendra Modi\u2019s governing Bharatiya Janata Party, and seemed aimed at painting the BJP\u2019s main national challenger as being soft on militancy in Kashmir, which remains contested between India and Pakistan, just as the two countries seemed to be on the brink of war.\r\n\r\nThe claim, however, was fake. No member of Congress, at either a national or a state level, had made any such statement. Yet delivered in the run-up to the election, and having spread with remarkable speed, that message offered a window into a worsening problem here.\r\n\r\nIndia is facing information wars of an unprecedented nature and scale. Indians are bombarded with fake news and divisive propaganda on a near-constant basis from a wide range of sources, from television news to global platforms like Facebook and WhatsApp. But unlike in the United States, where the focus has been on foreign-backed misinformation campaigns shaping elections and public discourse, the fake news circulating here isn\u2019t manufactured abroad.\r\n\r\nMany of India\u2019s misinformation campaigns are developed and run by political parties with nationwide cyberarmies; they target not only political opponents, but also religious minorities and dissenting individuals, with propaganda rooted in domestic divisions and prejudices. The consequences of such targeted misinformation are extreme, from death threats to actual murders\u2014in the past year, more than two dozen people have been lynched by mobs spurred by nothing more than rumors sent over WhatsApp.\r\n\r\nElections beginning this month will stoke those tensions, and containing fake news will be one of India\u2019s biggest challenges. It won\u2019t be easy.\r\n\r\nraditional media continue to be the dominant source of information for Indians. Among those aged 15 to 34, 57 percent watch TV news a few days a week, 53 percent read newspapers at the same frequency, and about 18 percent consume their news on the internet, according to a 2016 studyby the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, a think tank based in New Delhi.\r\n\r\nBut social media is playing a growing role. As many as 230 million Indians use WhatsApp, making the country the messaging platform\u2019s biggest market. One-sixth of them are members of chat groups started by political parties, according to another CSDS study. These groups, ostensibly used to organize rallies, recruit volunteers, or disseminate campaign news, are capped at 256 members. In 2018, \u201chorrified by terrible acts of violence,\u201d WhatsApp limited the number of chats that messages could be forwarded to in India from 256 users to five, and made it harder to forward images, audio clips, and videos. (Some of these restrictions have since been rolled out worldwide.)\r\n\r\nThese restrictions are, however, somewhat countered by forming many more groups, which is largely what has happened. A WhatsApp spokesperson said in an emailed response to our questions that the company bans accounts \u201cengaging in bulk or automated messaging\u201d and encourages users to report groups for \u201ca range of potential issues.\u201d\r\n\r\nMany political groups use WhatsApp to distribute pure propaganda. Consider the description of BJP Cyber Army 400+, a WhatsApp group whose five administrators include Amit Malviya, the head of the BJP\u2019s information-technology division: \u201cThis Group is Nationalists Group With Hindu Warriors Working To Save Nation From Break India forces Led politically by congress, communist And religiously by Islam and Christianity [sic].\u201d\r\n\r\nModi has campaigned on promoting good governance, but Hindu-Muslim polarization is also central to the BJP\u2019s election strategy. The party\u2019s messaging aims to consolidate the support of Hindus, who make up 80 percent of India\u2019s electorate, by presenting opposition parties as pro-Muslim. For example, in the southern state of Telangana, several pro-BJP groups picked parts of Congress\u2019s manifesto that promised government benefits to Muslims, such as free electricity to mosques and scholarships for Muslim students, and presented them as the party\u2019s exclusive offerings. Such efforts are widespread. Based on research published in the Hindustan Times, eight of the 10 most shared misleading images in pro-BJP WhatsApp groups ahead of last year\u2019s state elections were about the Telangana manifesto, and the claims that Congress favored only Muslims.\r\n\r\nThough other parties use similar tactics, the BJP has built the largest social-media system. Malviya, who did not respond to requests for comment for this story, has said that about 1.2 million volunteers will help run the party\u2019s social-media campaign for the national elections. In Uttar Pradesh, India\u2019s most populous state, the BJP\u2019s IT department has a six-tier hierarchical structure covering the capital city of Lucknow down to the most remote village. At what is known as the booth level, the last point of contact with voters, each party worker has been directed to create a WhatsApp group with at least 50 users, Brajesh Mani Mishra, the 39-year-old in charge of the party\u2019s media and IT division in Gorakhpur, in Uttar Pradesh, told us.\r\n\r\nThe strategy extends beyond WhatsApp. Another BJP staffer in Gorakhpur, Nitin Sonkar, told us how he was charged with, among other things, promoting downloads of Modi\u2019s own smartphone app, known as NaMo. The app\u2014which came preloaded in free Android phones distributed by at least two BJP-led state governments and in low-cost phones sold by Reliance Jio, a domestic cellphone operator\u2014has been installed by more than 10 million people. It is used to promote the prime minister, and has a built-in social network with Twitter-like features. But it, too, is vulnerable to misinformation.\r\n\r\nFor instance, after February\u2019s Kashmir attack, a promoted post on the app suggested that Pakistan\u2019s prime minister, Imran Khan, was crying on television after receiving a warning from the \u201c56-inch,\u201d a reference to a boast of Modi\u2019s regarding the size of his chest, an apparent effort to show his strength. The claim about Khan, however, was wrong; he had not cried. This wasn\u2019t a one-off case, either. The app\u2019s news feed promotes posts from repeat fake-news offenders, and users aren\u2019t given the option to unfollow these accounts.\r\n\r\nThe BJP\u2019s IT department has previously said it is aware of the problem. Malviya has previously admitted to us that there is \u201csome scope for misinformation\u201d on the app, adding that \u201ccontent moderation is managed by volunteers\u201d and \u201cmultiple posts have been taken down.\u201d Still, the party\u2019s ground staff has been tasked with increasing the NaMo app\u2019s use, Mishra said. \u201cEven if five people at every booth install the NaMo app,\u201d he told us, \u201cModi will be PM for the next 25 years.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe BJP is not the only political player whose supporters are manipulating facts. In November 2016, Abhishek Mishra was detained in the central state of Madhya Pradesh for posting derogatory content on social media about Madhya Pradesh\u2019s former chief minister. Mishra, who is reportedly close to Congress leaders, published fabricated stories, including claims that the governor of India\u2019s central bank had called Modi the most corrupt prime minister in India\u2019s modern history, and that the head of a policing body had declared Modi to be \u201cuseless.\u201d\r\n\r\nThen, in January, police in New Delhi arrested him based on a woman\u2019s complaint that he had posted \u201cinflammatory\u201d content online. Since his release from police custody, his website, Viral in India, has been shut down, but Mishra reportedly receives police protection in Madhya Pradesh, where a Congress government is in power. He now runs Viral in India as a Facebook page, where he has upwards of 1 million followers and posts and shares anti-BJP updates, some of which appear, again, to be fake. Mishra did not respond to a request for comment.\r\n\r\nOther hyper-partisan political pages and groups have similarly sprouted up on Facebook, which has 270 million users in India. Another Facebook page, The India Eye, for example, has more than 2 million followers, but at least six of the 20 most shared posts on its Facebook page from September to November 2018 were misleading or inaccurate. One post, which was shared more than 19,000 times, claims that Sonia Gandhi, the ex-president of Congress and the wife of a former prime minister, is the fourth-richest woman in the world, which is not true. Completing the circle of misinformation, The India Eye is also a promoted account on the NaMo app.\r\n\r\nFacebook and WhatsApp are not the only social networks where this battle is playing out. Smaller platforms such as ShareChat, which has 40 million monthly active users, and Helo, which has about 25 million, operate in 14 Indian languages and target first-time internet users. Both are rife with a litany of false claims and misinformation.\r\n\r\nIn response to our questions, Facebook pointed us to a press release from the Internet and Mobile Association of India, detailing how it was one of several social-media platforms, along with ShareChat, to adopt a voluntary code of ethics for the election. NaMo did not respond to a request for comment, but WhatsApp (which is owned by Facebook), ShareChat and Helo offered statements, largely echoing one another: They take misinformation seriously, remove posts on a regular basis, and use artificial-intelligence tools as well as large content-moderation teams. ShareChat and Helo also said they had partnered with fact-checking organizations to combat fake news.\r\n\r\nWhile Indians are receiving a greater portion of their daily news from Facebook, WhatsApp, and other social-media platforms, misleading stories that bear the stamp of a traditional news outlet still travel most widely. Doctored newspaper clippings and manipulated television-news screengrabs were among the most shared items in political WhatsApp groups ahead of last year\u2019s state elections.\r\n\r\nThe strategy extends beyond WhatsApp. Another BJP staffer in Gorakhpur, Nitin Sonkar, told us how he was charged with, among other things, promoting downloads of Modi\u2019s own smartphone app, known as NaMo. The app\u2014which came preloaded in free Android phones distributed by at least two BJP-led state governments and in low-cost phones sold by Reliance Jio, a domestic cellphone operator\u2014has been installed by more than 10 million people. It is used to promote the prime minister, and has a built-in social network with Twitter-like features. But it, too, is vulnerable to misinformation.\r\n\r\nFor instance, after February\u2019s Kashmir attack, a promoted post on the app suggested that Pakistan\u2019s prime minister, Imran Khan, was crying on television after receiving a warning from the \u201c56-inch,\u201d a reference to a boast of Modi\u2019s regarding the size of his chest, an apparent effort to show his strength. The claim about Khan, however, was wrong; he had not cried. This wasn\u2019t a one-off case, either. The app\u2019s news feed promotes posts from repeat fake-news offenders, and users aren\u2019t given the option to unfollow these accounts.\r\n\r\nThe BJP\u2019s IT department has previously said it is aware of the problem. Malviya has previously admitted to us that there is \u201csome scope for misinformation\u201d on the app, adding that \u201ccontent moderation is managed by volunteers\u201d and \u201cmultiple posts have been taken down.\u201d Still, the party\u2019s ground staff has been tasked with increasing the NaMo app\u2019s use, Mishra said. \u201cEven if five people at every booth install the NaMo app,\u201d he told us, \u201cModi will be PM for the next 25 years.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe BJP is not the only political player whose supporters are manipulating facts. In November 2016, Abhishek Mishra was detained in the central state of Madhya Pradesh for posting derogatory content on social media about Madhya Pradesh\u2019s former chief minister. Mishra, who is reportedly close to Congress leaders, published fabricated stories, including claims that the governor of India\u2019s central bank had called Modi the most corrupt prime minister in India\u2019s modern history, and that the head of a policing body had declared Modi to be \u201cuseless.\u201d\r\n\r\nThen, in January, police in New Delhi arrested him based on a woman\u2019s complaint that he had posted \u201cinflammatory\u201d content online. Since his release from police custody, his website, Viral in India, has been shut down, but Mishra reportedly receives police protection in Madhya Pradesh, where a Congress government is in power. He now runs Viral in India as a Facebook page, where he has upwards of 1 million followers and posts and shares anti-BJP updates, some of which appear, again, to be fake. Mishra did not respond to a request for comment.\r\n\r\nOther hyper-partisan political pages and groups have similarly sprouted up on Facebook, which has 270 million users in India. Another Facebook page, The India Eye, for example, has more than 2 million followers, but at least six of the 20 most shared posts on its Facebook page from September to November 2018 were misleading or inaccurate. One post, which was shared more than 19,000 times, claims that Sonia Gandhi, the ex-president of Congress and the wife of a former prime minister, is the fourth-richest woman in the world, which is not true. Completing the circle of misinformation, The India Eye is also a promoted account on the NaMo app.\r\n\r\nFacebook and WhatsApp are not the only social networks where this battle is playing out. Smaller platforms such as ShareChat, which has 40 million monthly active users, and Helo, which has about 25 million, operate in 14 Indian languages and target first-time internet users. Both are rife with a litany of false claims and misinformation.\r\n\r\nIn response to our questions, Facebook pointed us to a press release from the Internet and Mobile Association of India, detailing how it was one of several social-media platforms, along with ShareChat, to adopt a voluntary code of ethics for the election. NaMo did not respond to a request for comment, but WhatsApp (which is owned by Facebook), ShareChat and Helo offered statements, largely echoing one another: They take misinformation seriously, remove posts on a regular basis, and use artificial-intelligence tools as well as large content-moderation teams. ShareChat and Helo also said they had partnered with fact-checking organizations to combat fake news.\r\n\r\nWhile Indians are receiving a greater portion of their daily news from Facebook, WhatsApp, and other social-media platforms, misleading stories that bear the stamp of a traditional news outlet still travel most widely. Doctored newspaper clippings and manipulated television-news screengrabs were among the most shared items in political WhatsApp groups ahead of last year\u2019s state elections.\r\n\r\nMore difficult to police, however, are the many mainstream news channels that are openly partisan.\r\n\r\nThroughout its 14 years on air, Sudarshan News\u2019s 200-member national team has focused on issues of Hindu interest through its straight-talking, campaign-driven programs, such as its Save the Cow movement. This included purported expos\u00e9s of New Delhi restaurants that serve beef (a practice that is illegal in the Indian capital), castigations of state governments for not sufficiently policing slaughterhouses, and proposals that the cow, a holy animal in Hinduism, be officially made \u201cmother of the nation,\u201d with killing of the animal punishable by death. As part of that campaign, the channel\u2019s owner and public face, Suresh Chavhanke, urged his audience to act. \u201cAt a time like this, cow servants like us will have to take the threatening form of cow protectors,\u201d he said.\r\n\r\n\u201cPeople are ready to kill and die in order to save cows,\u201d Chavhanke told us. \u201cI agree that it\u2019s constitutionally wrong, but it is a part of our tradition.\u201d\r\n\r\nSudarshan News has listed three priorities it will push for in the next government: a Hindu temple on the site where a Mughal-era mosque was razed by Hindu nationalists in 1992; modifications to the history curriculum in Indian textbooks to glorify the country\u2019s Hindu past; and a bill to control India\u2019s population.\r\n\r\nThe third of those demands is a euphemism for a public campaign against what Sudarshan News has said is the rising population of Muslims in India. This is, however, fearmongering. Though Muslims currently have a higher fertility rate than Hindus nationwide, they are still outnumbered by followers of India\u2019s majority religion. Chavhanke, who was arrested in April 2017 in Uttar Pradesh to prevent him from visiting a town where there had been Hindu-Muslim clashes, says he is secular and not against Islam. His channel, however, is legitimized by politicians, including ministers in the BJP national government and leaders of the Congress Party, who appear on his shows and give him interviews.\r\n\r\nThe case of Sudarshan News also spotlights the growing links between political parties, traditional news sources, and social-media networks.\r\n\r\nA recent message in BJP Cyber Army 400+, the WhatsApp group with BJP staffers as administrators, reminded its members that they \u201chave the right to vote,\u201d before continuing: \u201cWe should not vote for any candidate who follows Leftist ideology. They care more about preserving their Muslim vote bank than they care about Hindus, such as the Congress.\u201d The message concluded by listing YouTube channels that Hindus should subscribe to \u201cin order to save their existence.\u201d One is Sudarshan News.","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The country\u2019s political parties are spreading propaganda about their opponents to gain votes. It\u2019s working. In the days following a suicide bombing against Indian security forces in Kashmir this year, a message began circulating in WhatsApp groups across the country.&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"issuem_issue":[7],"class_list":["post-179","article","type-article","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","issuem_issue-march-2019","entry","no-media"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Misinformation Is Endangering India\u2019s Election - Lok Samvad<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/populareducation.in\/loksamvad\/article\/misinformation-is-endangering-indias-election\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Misinformation Is Endangering India\u2019s Election - Lok Samvad\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The country\u2019s political parties are spreading propaganda about their opponents to gain votes. 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It\u2019s working. In the days following a suicide bombing against Indian security forces in Kashmir this year, a message began circulating in WhatsApp groups across the country.&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/populareducation.in\/loksamvad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/179","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/populareducation.in\/loksamvad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/populareducation.in\/loksamvad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/article"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/populareducation.in\/loksamvad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/populareducation.in\/loksamvad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=179"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/populareducation.in\/loksamvad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/179\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/populareducation.in\/loksamvad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=179"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/populareducation.in\/loksamvad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=179"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/populareducation.in\/loksamvad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=179"},{"taxonomy":"issuem_issue","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/populareducation.in\/loksamvad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/issuem_issue?post=179"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}