{"id":117,"date":"2018-12-05T01:42:24","date_gmt":"2018-12-05T01:42:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/populareducation.in\/loksamvad\/?post_type=article&p=117"},"modified":"2018-12-05T01:42:24","modified_gmt":"2018-12-05T01:42:24","slug":"half-of-all-workers-in-asia-pacific-will-be-engaged-in-vulnerable-jobs-by-2020-ilo-report","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"http:\/\/populareducation.in\/loksamvad\/article\/half-of-all-workers-in-asia-pacific-will-be-engaged-in-vulnerable-jobs-by-2020-ilo-report\/","title":{"rendered":"Half of All Workers in Asia-Pacific will be Engaged in \u2018Vulnerable\u2019 Jobs by 2020: ILO Report"},"content":{"rendered":"One-fourth of all workers in the region live in moderate or extreme poverty, more than two in three workers are informally employed, says new report.\r\n\r\nNEARLY half of all workers \u2014 49 per cent \u2014 in the Asia-Pacific region will be engaged in \u2018vulnerable employment\u2019 by 2020, says a new report by the International Labour Organisation (ILO).\r\n\r\nReleased on November 16, 2018, the report titled \u2018Asia-Pacific Employment and Social Outlook 2018\u2019, says there are 1.9 billion workers \u2014 1.2 billion men and 700 million women \u2014 in the Asia-Pacific region, representing 60 per cent of the global workforce in 2017.\r\n\r\nAbout one-fourth of all workers in the region \u2014 446 million workers \u2014 were living in \u2018moderate or extreme poverty\u2019 in 2017. An ILO report earlier this year had estimated that Southern Asia \u2014 where more than 41 per cent of workers were living in extreme or moderate poverty in 2017 \u2014 accounted for \u201cmore than two-thirds of all working poor in Asia-Pacific.\u201d\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nMore than two in three workers \u2014 68.2 per cent \u2014 in the Asia-Pacific region were informally employed in 2016, says this new report.\r\n\r\nNot surprisingly, the rate of informal employment rate was the highest in South Asia, where nearly 88 per cent \u2014 or 87.8 per cent, to be precise \u2014 of workers were informally employed.\r\n\r\nAlmost one in two workers, or 48.6 per cent \u2014 930 million workers \u2014 remained in a \u2018vulnerable\u2019 status of employment in 2017, the report says.\r\n\r\nThe share of persons in vulnerable employment in low-income Asian-Pacific countries was a whopping 71.1 per cent while that in high-income Asia-Pacific countries was just 12.9 per cent.\r\n\r\nIn middle-income (emerging) economies of the region, share of vulnerable employment was 50.6 per cent.\r\n\r\nHowever, the ILO defines \u2018vulnerable employment\u2019 rather narrowly \u2014 as the sum of workers in own-account work (self-employed without employees) and contributing family workers (helping out without pay in a family enterprise).\r\n\r\nIt says, \u201cOwn-account workers and contributing family workers are assumed to be less secure in their jobs and more vulnerable to poverty, although it is true that persons in paid employment and even employers (categories of non-vulnerable employment) can also lack economic security…\u201d\r\n\r\nBut the ILO does not include all forms of informal employment that is highly \u2018vulnerable to poverty\u2019 and insecure \u2014 in terms of economic security, job security, and even life security \u2014 under the category of \u2018vulnerable\u2019.\r\n\r\nFor example, meagrly paid (below minimum wage) workers employed casually or contractually in illegally running factories in and around Delhi \u2014 which regularly see deaths of workers \u2014 where no labour laws or safety norms are followed, and who can hired and fired without notice at any point, and often work under inhumane conditions.\r\n\r\nThese workers are obviously in employment that is extremely vulnerable, but they are not counted under this category by the ILO and the likes.\r\n\r\nThe ILO report says, \u201cInformal employment is closely linked to vulnerable employment because contributing family workers are by definition informal, and 86.2 per cent of own-account workers were classified as informal workers in 2016.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe informally employed share of paid employees was 49.8 per cent, it says.\r\n\r\n\u201cWorkers in agriculture are the most at risk of informality, but in terms of numbers, workers in services represented the majority of workers in informal employment in 2016,\u201d says the report.\r\n\r\nBut even excluding other forms of informal and insecure employment from the category of \u2018vulnerable\u2019, the vulnerable employment rate in India is extremely high \u2014 82.2 per cent in the total employment, as per data of \u20182010 or nearest year\u2019, says the ILO report.\r\n\r\nIn any case, the vulnerability for India\u2019s workers is only going to get worse as the BJP-led NDA government not only looks to do away with existing labour protection regulations \u2014 in the name of \u2018ease of doing business\u2019 to attract investment in the country \u2014 but also legally fortifies practices that spell doom for workers, such as fixed-term employment. An amendment to the industrial employment rules that was passed in March, fixed-term employment gives all businesses the freedom to \u201chire and fire\u201d, effectively destroying all protection to labour.\r\n\r\nOther findings of this ILO report include the fact that workers in South Asia worked for the highest number of hours per week in the world. In 2017, the average hours of work in South Asia were 46.4 hours per week, followed by East Asia with 46.3 hours per week. The report says workers in low-paid jobs in particular work more than 48 hours per week.\r\n\r\nThe regional unemployment rate is 4.1 per cent t and is projected to remain so through 2020, which is the lowest in the world and below the global rate of 5.5 per cent in 2017.\r\n\r\nHowever, the report notes that there is a persistent deficit of \u2018decent\u2019 work \u2014 as evident in the fact that one in two persons is engaged in \u2018vulnerable\u2019 (according to ILO) employment and more than two in three workers were in informal employment, as mentioned above).\r\n\r\n\u201cHigh employment ratios and productivity gains in the region mask persistent and worrying decent work deficits,\u201d said Sara Elder, lead author of the report and Head of the ILO Regional Economic and Social Analysis unit, in a press release.\r\n\r\n\u201cMany people, in particular in the region\u2019s developing economies, still have no choice but to take jobs with poor working conditions that do not generate stable incomes nor safeguard them and their families against poverty in the longer term.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe report found that between 1997 and 2007, labour productivity (defined as output per worker) in the Asia-Pacific region increased by 4 per cent annually on average, while the global average was 2.4 per cent.\r\n\r\nIn the past decade (2007\u201317), the growth of labour productivity, at 5 per cent per year, was even stronger in the region.\r\n\r\nBut gender inequality continues to remain a major concern in the labour markets of Asia-Pacific \u2014 the male participation rate in the region exceeded the female participation rate by 30 percentage points in 2017, a decline of only 1 percentage point since 2000.\r\n\r\nThe ILO also found that the unemployment rate in the region is highest among people with secondary education. The report says this trend seems to \u201cconfirm an increasing \u201chollowing out\u201d of middle-skilled jobs in emerging economies, in part due to technological progress, with information and communications technology (ICT) lessening the demand for workers engaged in routine tasks\u201d.\r\n\r\nHowever, in eight countries, the unemployment rate was highest among tertiary graduates \u2014 \u201cincluding in high-growth emerging economies, like India, Thailand and Vietnam, but also in Cambodia and Sri Lanka, where graduate employment is likely constrained by limited industrial diversification\u201d, says the report.\r\n\r\nThe other countries where the unemployment rate is highest among tertiary graduates are Pakistan with 16.8 per cent as of 2015; Bangladesh with 10.7 per cent as of 2017; and the Republic of Korea.\r\n\r\nIn India, the \u2018latest year\u2019 data being from 2012, the unemployment rate among those who studied till secondary school was 6.3 per cent while the unemployment rate among tertiary graduates was 8.4 per cent.\r\n\r\nThe report also includes a table on \u2018variables of worker satisfaction or dissatisfaction\u2019 from the Gallup World Poll, which found that 40.6 per cent of paid employees in India in 2013 felt they were \u2018not paid appropriately.\u2019\r\n\r\n(Peoples Democracy)<\/strong>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

One-fourth of all workers in the region live in moderate or extreme poverty, more than two in three workers are informally employed, says new report. NEARLY half of all workers \u2014 49 per cent \u2014 in the Asia-Pacific region will…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"issuem_issue":[5],"class_list":["post-117","article","type-article","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","issuem_issue-september-2018","entry","no-media"],"yoast_head":"\nHalf of All Workers in Asia-Pacific will be Engaged in \u2018Vulnerable\u2019 Jobs by 2020: ILO Report - Lok Samvad<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/populareducation.in\/loksamvad\/article\/half-of-all-workers-in-asia-pacific-will-be-engaged-in-vulnerable-jobs-by-2020-ilo-report\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Half of All Workers in Asia-Pacific will be Engaged in \u2018Vulnerable\u2019 Jobs by 2020: ILO Report - Lok Samvad\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"One-fourth of all workers in the region live in moderate or extreme poverty, more than two in three workers are informally employed, says new report. 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